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4
4.1
What is a USB?
What is a USB?
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus .
In 1993, engineers from Compaq, Intel, Microsoft, and NEC gathered and jointly developed a
peripherals interface for next-generation PCs. This led to their release of the first USB 1.0
specifications (standards) in 1996. USB 1.1 was released in 1998 and USB 2.0 was released in
2000. For many years, the RS-232C and printer ports served as the main interface for
connecting peripherals to a PC. The problem with these legacy interfaces was that they were
limited to low transfer rates, allowed only one device to be connected per port, and thus required
an increase in ports to connect more devices.
This lead to an extensive array of connectors occupying the rear panels of PCs, including
separate ports for the keyboard, mouse, and display. The USB was developed to consolidate
these interfaces into a single connector that would allow connection of various peripherals.
4.2
Features of the USB
The USB has these features.
1. Ease of use
USB supports Plug-and-play and Hot Swapping , and Bus Power , making it easy to expand
PC peripherals and communicate between embedded devices.
Plug-and-play refers to the mechanism for automatically recognizing a device and installing
the proper driver when it is plugged in to the PC.
Hot Swapping is a general reference to the ability of plugging or unplugging devices with the
PC power still on. That is, the PC power does not have to be turned off or rebooted during or
after the device is plugged or unplugged.
Bus Power refers to the standard for supplying from the PC via the cable. (The opposite of
this is referred to as "Self-powered".)
2. Single master system
USB follows the single master system for transferring data.
We will explain using the PC as an example. The peripherals to a PC are controlled by the PC
(host), and data is exchanged between the peripheral and the host. Peripherals cannot transfer
data directly to another host. Furthermore, a peripheral cannot request a data transfer to the host.
The peripheral must perform data transfers at the request of the host. Because there is only one
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